The Doppler Effect - Change in Frequency or Wavelength

Ever wonder why car horns seem to increase in pitch as they approach you and decrease in pitch right after they pass? The phenomenon is called the Doppler Effect. The apparent change in frequency is due to an increase or decrease in the rate of air molecule displacement. This happens as you or the source either approach or move away from each other at a significant speed. The Doppler effect is a tremendously helpful bit of information for sound designers. Modulating or automating the pitch of a sound as it moves around the stereo image will provide a sense of speed to the source. The deeper the modulation, the faster the source will seem to be moving. Simply moving the pan position sounds synthetic because, in real life, sounds in motion change pitch!

~Example - Just Panning

~Example - Panning and Pitch (Doppler)

The Doppler Effect

If the source and receiver are moving towards each other, the perceived frequency at the receiver is higher than the actual frequency coming from the source. However, if the source and receiver are moving away from each other, the perceived frequency at the receiver is lower than the actual frequency from the source. On the contrary, there is no Doppler effect if neither the source nor the receiver are moving. The perceived frequency at the receiver is the actual frequency. There is also no effect if both move at the same speed in the same direction. The precise change in apparent frequency is a function of the speed of both the sound and receiver, the speed of sound in air (1100 feet per second, 344 meters per second), and the produced frequency. Therefore, distance is not a factor.  

Creating a “Chorusing” Effect Using Doppler

Typically, you can achieve a chorusing effect by slightly modulating the pitch of a signal and mixing it with the original signal or combining two of the same recordings very slightly out of phase. But you can create an old-school analog chorusing effect using 2 microphones, a simple mixer, and the Doppler effect. Set up the microphones about 8 inches apart. Make one stationary and keep the other free to move. Grab the free mic by the cable 1-2 feet from the output. Gently swing the free mic like a pendulum, allowing it to oscillate back and forth as both mics capture sound. This swinging mic acts as a moving receiver, capturing a slightly pitch-modulated signal. The combined output of the stationary and swinging mic will be chorused due to the interactions between the actual and apparent frequency.   Source Anthony Hoover. An appreciation of acoustics. 1991. Partially funded by The Newman Student Award Fund.